Differential Association Theory is an important sociological concept developed by Edwin Sutherland that helps to explain how people acquire criminal behavior. This theory states that individuals learn criminal behavior from the people around them and their social surroundings. This article will discuss the theory, its identifying factors, and the way in which it can be applied to modern society.
Differential Association Theory is a sociological theory developed by Edwin Sutherland which states that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others who themselves demonstrate and engage in criminal activities. The theory suggests that individuals learn the definitions, motivations, techniques and attitudes necessary for criminal behavior through interactions with other criminals, as well as through exposure to media images and messages. According to Sutherland, it is these interactions and experiences which shape an individual's life and ultimately lead to an increased likelihood of engaging in criminal acts.
Differential Association Theory also proposes that criminal behavior is not innate, but rather learned and reinforced through positive reinforcement and rewards. It suggests that an individual's environment and social relationships play an important role in influencing the type of behavior they adopt. Additionally, the theory argues that criminal behavior is acquired through the process of communication with peers within one's social circle. Socializing and interacting with those who engage in criminal activities may increase an individual's likelihood of imitating such behavior and engaging in crime themselves.
Differential Association Theory offers an explanation for why certain behaviors are seen as deviant in certain societies, noting that criminality is largely contextual and socially constructed. By understanding the environmental factors and social influences which drive criminal behavior, this theory assists in explaining why certain individuals become involved in crime and why certain activities are deemed criminal in certain contexts.
One of the key components in identifying factors of differential association is recognizing the central roles that households, peers, and social media play on individuals' ideas and values. Households are often seen as the primary source of children's first introduction to the world, influencing their overall attitude towards society. Peers and friends have an immense impact on the individual's sense of identity and their views on the surrounding environment. Similarly, social media platforms provide a space for individuals to be exposed to values and beliefs that are not always found in the home or among peers.
The surrounding environment also plays an important role in identifying factors of differential association. Exposure to certain types of people, situations, or locations can lead to an individual's acceptance of different beliefs or behaviors. For example, living in low-income neighborhoods or being exposed to poverty can have a direct influence on an individual's views and behavior. Additionally, living in more diverse communities or attending higher education institutes may also lead to different visualizations on the environment.
Lastly, the overall culture of the area-- its social norms and accepted behaviors-- can shape an individual's beliefs and values. Different cultures have distinct rituals and customs that each individual must learn and accept in order to conform. This could include anything from language to dress to relationships. By understanding and respecting the culture, an individual can better adapt to their surroundings and develop a healthier outlook on life.
Differential Association Theory is applicable across many different contexts. It has been used to explain a variety of criminal behavior, including drug use, property crime, and violent crime. For example, studies have shown that individuals are more likely to commit crime if they associate with those who are already involved in the activity. Additionally, individuals may be more likely to participate in deviant behavior if they have experienced reinforcement for doing so in the past.
Furthermore, Differential Association Theory has been applied to the study of educational achievement. It suggests that students will be more likely to succeed when they associate with positive role models who value education, such as teachers or mentors. Furthermore, students may be less likely to achieve high grades if they associate with others who do not prioritize academic success or who even encourage them to skip classes or avoid studying.
Finally, Differential Association Theory has also been applied to public health issues. Studies have found that individuals can be influenced by their peers to make healthy lifestyle choices, such as quitting smoking or increasing physical activity. It is clear that individuals’ behavior is shaped in large part by the people they associate with, and this is an important concept that can be employed to help people make better decisions in various aspects of their lives.